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- ENVIRONMENT, Page 61The U.S.: No Water to Waste
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- For all its natural wealth, the U.S. has its share of water
- woes. Nearly half of its rivers, lakes and streams are damaged
- or threatened by pollution, according to an Environmental
- Protection Agency survey. Occasional water shortages have
- struck all over the country, even in the rain-rich Northeast.
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- By far the most serious problems are in the West, where poor
- water-management practices, rampant growth and extreme drought
- have hurt both people and vital ecosystems. In cities and
- towns, water scarcity means quick showers, brown lawns and
- dirty cars. But the real economic burden falls on farmers, who
- use between 80% and 90% of the water available in the Far West.
- While cities can easily absorb drought-related water-price
- increases, many farmers are being driven out of business by
- their water bills.
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- The only salvation is conservation. Since Wayne Wyatt,
- manager of the High Plains Water Conservation District in
- Lubbock, Texas, began advising local farmers on water savings
- ten years ago, some have cut losses from evaporation from 40%
- to as little as 2%. Bill Buckman, a third-generation Lubbock
- farmer, says that energy savings and increased crop yields paid
- for his water-efficient, center-pivot irrigation system within
- a year.
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- Some parts of the West will remain vulnerable with or
- without conservation. Southern California gets roughly half of
- its water from a single canal system, the California Aqueduct,
- which carries water from the Sacramento River Delta 800 km (500
- miles) south to Los Angeles. Mark Reisner, author of Cadillac
- Desert, an examination of Western water, notes that the delta
- is sinking by as much as 7.6 cm (3 in.) a year, leaving the
- area, much of it already below sea level, ever more vulnerable
- to seawater intrusion. A major earthquake on the nearby
- Hayward fault could destroy the levees that protect this
- crucial water supply. "It's a fragile, fragile system," says
- Reisner, "ludicrously so since 19 million people depend on it."
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- The Western system of canals and dams was built with the
- attitude that fresh water is wasted if it is allowed to flow
- into the sea. This approach ignored the ecological importance
- of wetlands and brackish waters, and the price of this
- ignorance has been the disappearance of many fisheries and
- waterfowl. Conservationists have had to turn to the Endangered
- Species Act for last-resort protection for ecosystems. In
- Nevada the Interior Department is currently trying to satisfy
- agricultural demands for water while preserving the endangered
- fish and wetlands in the Stillwater National Wildlife Preserve.
- Such balancing acts are going to become ever more common. Says
- former Governor Bruce Babbitt of Arizona: "Only very recently
- has it become clear that there are no more water holes in the
- West."
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